Dissipation of mecoprop-P, isoproturon, bentazon and S-metolachlor herbicides in heavy metal contaminated acidic and calcareous farmland soil before and after EDTA-based remediation

Simon Gluhara, A. Kaurina, T. Grubarb, H. Prosenb and D. Lestana

a Biotechnical faculty , University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

b Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

simon.gluhar@bf.uni-lj.si

Soil washing with chelating agents was proposed for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils decades ago. Recently introduced ReSoil technology recycles EDTA and process waters in a closed-loop process using inexpensive and waste materials. No waste water is generated from the novel soil remediation process. Furthermore, extensive soil rinsing combined with the amendment of zero-valent Fe into the soil slurry was shown to facilitate permanent adsorption of the remaining small quantity of EDTA chelates. As a result, emissions from remediated soil are curbed and the soil does not contain available EDTA. Any harmful remediation effects on soil properties are thus restricted to process conditions and exposure to EDTA during the washing process and they later disappear. Indeed, the novel remediation method preserves the soil as a plant substrate for the production of safe vegetables and does not significantly affect the soil microbial structure and abundance, soil enzyme activity and C and N cycles. Nonetheless, the lay public and decision makers prefer so-called »green« solutions and are often suspicious of chemical interventions. Using natural, biological means to fix man-inflicted environmental damage is indeed appealing but it is not always feasible for solving difficult problems. It is therefore essential for the adoption of novel soil washing technology to research into wide aspects of the safety and suitability of the technology. For example, the ability of soil to mitigate the unwanted effects of pesticide usage is at the base of modern agricultural food production, as one of the most vital soil ecosystem services. It also safeguards our drinking groundwater. The aim of the study was therefore to investigate the persistence of S-metalachlor, bentazon, isoproturon and mecaprop-P in freshly EDTA-remediated Pb contaminated acidic and calcareous farmland soil. These four herbicides were selected since they are the major contaminants of groundwater and surface freshwater in Europe. ReSoil technology removed 79 and 73% of Pb from acidic and calcareous soil with 740 and 2179 mg kg-1 Pb, respectively. The dissipation kinetics of four herbicides was investigated under field conditions in beds with maize (Zea mays) and barley (Hordeum vulgare). The biphasic First-Order Multi-Compartment (FOMC) model was used to fit experimental data and calculate the herbicides’ half-life (DT50) in soil. Remediation significantly (up to 64%) decreased initial dehydrogenase activity assessed as a marker of soil microbial activity and prolonged the DT50 of herbicides in acidic soils from 16% (isoproturon) to 111% (S-metachlor). Remediation had a less significant effect on herbicide dissipation in calcareous soils; i.e., mecoprop-P DT50 increased by 3%, while isoproturon and S-metachlor DT50 decreased by 29%. Overall, the dissipation from remediated soils was faster than the average DT50 of tested herbicides published in the Pesticides Properties DataBase. Results demonstrate that EDTA-based remediation of the studied soils does not pose any threat of extended herbicide persistence.

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